{"id":43556,"date":"2023-09-10T11:10:45","date_gmt":"2023-09-10T05:40:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556"},"modified":"2024-11-17T10:46:44","modified_gmt":"2024-11-17T05:16:44","slug":"language-and-literature-tamil-marabu-2023","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556","title":{"rendered":"UNIT &#8211; I &#8211; LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (TAMIL MARABU \u2013 2023)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Unit-1-LANGUAGE-AND-LITERATURE-TAMIL-MARABU-Q-AND-A.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Unit-1-LANGUAGE-AND-LITERATURE-TAMIL-MARABU-Q-AND-A.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-0d86eb79-71ef-40ea-b4f8-cdb6cfebf7f3\" href=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Unit-1-LANGUAGE-AND-LITERATURE-TAMIL-MARABU-Q-AND-A.pdf\">Unit-1-LANGUAGE-AND-LITERATURE-TAMIL-MARABU-Q-AND-A<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Unit-1-LANGUAGE-AND-LITERATURE-TAMIL-MARABU-Q-AND-A.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-0d86eb79-71ef-40ea-b4f8-cdb6cfebf7f3\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3kzgmZRxRSI?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This channel explains some of the important thirukkural. it will give some overall idea about what is thirukkural and its importance in human life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MWkI4D1Qxps?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent&#038;listType=playlist&#038;list=PLYpAAfpxri-KCCXmSvWD2mt4o_S8XZ_NP\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>20 thirukkural available in this youtube channel. you can see and understand<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gdk02pcSHWE?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This is story of silappathikaram one of the two famous epic in Tamil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3ExCRRa0uN0?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;start=23&#038;wmode=transparent&#038;listType=playlist&#038;list=RDCMUC9o3lJsKU3Ip01xcMT63HmQ\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jtpZ1kuEpU4?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/VwBddrKQmH4?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UnvFy8nNRRg?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent&#038;listType=playlist&#038;list=PLgpvkV1Gn8VOybGXAfQzxfeclT2F63WZa\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In this youtube channel all the story of Nayanmars is explained in an interesting way. Make use of it and enjoy the stories. Inspire a blessed life from those Divine people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9453835310745500\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-9453835310745500\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"5990643685\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/TAMIL-MARABU-TA231110-QP1-2023.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of TAMIL-MARABU-TA231110-QP1-2023.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-65732608-b475-484c-a3f5-5976c1705a89\" href=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/TAMIL-MARABU-TA231110-QP1-2023.pdf\">TAMIL-MARABU-TA231110-QP1-2023<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/TAMIL-MARABU-TA231110-QP1-2023.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-65732608-b475-484c-a3f5-5976c1705a89\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Unit-1-LANGUAGE-AND-LITERATURE-TAMIL-MARABU-Q-AND-A.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Unit-1-LANGUAGE-AND-LITERATURE-TAMIL-MARABU-Q-AND-A.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-cccff9bb-8ab5-4994-80cf-44f5a9f96df2\" href=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Unit-1-LANGUAGE-AND-LITERATURE-TAMIL-MARABU-Q-AND-A.pdf\">Unit-1-LANGUAGE-AND-LITERATURE-TAMIL-MARABU-Q-AND-A<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Unit-1-LANGUAGE-AND-LITERATURE-TAMIL-MARABU-Q-AND-A.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-cccff9bb-8ab5-4994-80cf-44f5a9f96df2\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Write short notes on Bharathidhasan?<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Bharathidasan born K. Subburathinam 29 April 1891 \u2013 21 April 1964), was a 20th-century Tamil poet and rationalist writer whose literary works handled mostly socio-political issues. He was deeply influenced by the Tamil poet Subramania Bharathi and named himself &#8220;Bharathi dasan&#8221; meaning follower or adherent of Bharathi. His greatest influence was Periyar and his self-respect movement. Bharathidasan&#8217;s writings served as a catalyst for the growth of the Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu. In addition to poetry, his views found expression in other forms such as plays, film scripts, short stories and essays. The Government of Puducherry union territory has adopted the song of Invocation to Mother Tamil, written by Bharathidasan as the state song of Puducherry (Tamil Thai Valthu (Puducherry))<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Life<br>Kanaka Subburathinam was born in Puducherry (earlier called Pondicherry) on 29 April 1891 to parents Kanagasabai and Lakshmi Ammal. He was deeply influenced by the Tamil poet and freedom fighter, Subramania Bharathi, who mentored him and hence Subburathinam named himself &#8220;Bharathi dasan&#8221; meaning follower or adherent of Bharathi. He is popularly known as Bharathidasan (Tamil: \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bcd). A twentieth century Tamil poet, Bharathidasan was an active participant in the Indian independence movement, he opposed both the British Raj and the French colonial government. He was imprisoned for voicing his views against the French Government that was ruling Pondicherry at that time. Bharathidasan was a poet in his own right, writing mostly on socio-political issues like women\u2019s liberation, rationalism, and against caste discrimination. He was greatly influenced by the great rationalist leader and social reformer, Periyar E. V. Ramaswami. Bharathidasan became one of the key figures in the Dravidian rationalist movement. He was bestowed the titles \u2018puratchi kavinjar\u2019 (revolutionary poet) and &#8216;paa vendhar&#8217; (king of poetry) to honor his excellence in Tamil poetry and he was widely known by his titles. Bharathidasan works were nationalized meaning brought into public domain in 1991 by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi. Bharathidasan&#8217;s works can be found at the open access Tamil literature repository Project Madurai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He remained a prolific writer and poet till he died on 21 April 1964, a week before his 73rd birthday. He was awarded the Sahitya Academy Award posthumously for his Tamil play Pisiraandhaiyaar. One among his famous lines is \u2018\u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u2019, \u2018Arivai virivu sei, agandamakku\u2019 meaning \u201cExpand knowledge \u2013 make it universal\u201d. Named after this great poet, it has been Bharathidasan institute of management&#8217;s endeavour to expand and universalize knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Named after the revolutionary poet Bharathidasan, the Bharathidasan University was set up in 1982 as an offshoot of the University of Madras. The motto of the University \u201cWe will create a brave new world\u201d has been framed from Bharathidasan\u2019s poetic words \u201c\u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd\u201d. The University endeavours to be true to such a vision by creating in the region a brave new world of academic innovation for social change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>List of poems made into film lyrics<br>Thamizhukum Amudenru per<br>Sanke Muzhangu<br>Thunbam Nergayil<br>Thesa gnanam<br>Neelavana aadaikul<br>Valiyor silar<br>Muzhumai Nila<br>Chithirai<br>Pallikudam<br>Kalyanam aagatha penae<br>Kaatrilellam<br>Kandavudal kadal<br>Vaanukku nilavu<br>Paazhai pona manam<br>Vaana mazhai neeye<br>Avalum Naanum Amudhum Thamizhum<br>Awards and recognitions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bharathidasan on a 2001 stamp of India<br>Bharathidasan won the Golden Parrot Prize in 1946 for his play Amaithi-Oomai (Peace and Dumbness).<br>He was given the Sahitya Academy Award, posthumously in 1970 for his play Pisiranthaiyar.<br>On 9 October 2001, a commemorative stamp of Bharathidasan was released by the Postal Department in Chennai.<br>He was conferred with the title of &#8220;Puratchi Kavingyar&#8221; (meaning the &#8220;Revolutionary Poet&#8221;) by Periyar.<br>Legacy<br>Tamil Nadu&#8217;s state government gives the Bharathidasan Award annually to a Tamil poet.<br>The Government of Puducherry union territory has adopted Bharathidasan&#8217;s song of Invocation to Mother Tamil as the state song of Puducherry.<br>A state university named Bharathidasan University was established in Tiruchirappalli.<br>Bharathidasan institute of management, one of India&#8217;s top B-schools, was established in Tiruchirappalli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-aece6eebc98eaec6d37ff6e777abcc2b\">(Translation in Telugu)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c15\u0c46. \u0c38\u0c41\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2c\u0c41\u0c30\u0c25\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c02 29 \u0c0f\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d 1891 &#8211; 21 \u0c0f\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d 1964), 20\u0c35 \u0c36\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c2a\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c39\u0c47\u0c24\u0c41\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c26 \u0c30\u0c1a\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c24, \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c30\u0c1a\u0c28\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c0e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c15-\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c15\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c41\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c23\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c47 \u0c24\u0c40\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c28\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e &#8220;\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d&#8221; \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41, \u0c05\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c30\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c30\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41. \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c17\u0c4a\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c06\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c17\u0c4c\u0c30\u0c35 \u0c09\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c02. \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c06\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c17\u0c4c\u0c30\u0c35 \u0c09\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c02 \u0c0e\u0c26\u0c41\u0c17\u0c41\u0c26\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c1a\u0c28\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c09\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c47\u0c30\u0c15\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c41, \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41, \u0c38\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u200c\u0c32\u0c41, \u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c15\u0c25\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c07\u0c24\u0c30 \u0c30\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c40\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f. \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c26\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c47\u0c02\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c24 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c02, \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c26\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c4d\u200c\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c06\u0c39\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c26\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c17\u0c3e (\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41 (\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c26\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c3f)) \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c40\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0c1c\u0c40\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c02<br>\u0c15\u0c28\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c41\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2c\u0c41\u0c30\u0c25\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c26\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4b (\u0c2a\u0c42\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41) 29 \u0c0f\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d 1891\u0c28 \u0c24\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c02\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c28\u0c17\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c33\u0c4d\u200c\u0c32\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c30\u0c2f\u0c4b\u0c27\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41, \u0c38\u0c41\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c23\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c47 \u0c32\u0c4b\u0c24\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41, \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c26\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c36\u0c15\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c35\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c35\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32 \u0c38\u0c41\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c2c\u0c41\u0c30\u0c25\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c02 \u0c24\u0c28\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e &#8220;\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d&#8221; \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c30\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3e \u0c05\u0c28\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c30\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41. \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d (\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c02: \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bcd)\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41. \u0c07\u0c30\u0c35\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c35 \u0c36\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c2a\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f, \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c09\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c1a\u0c41\u0c30\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c47\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41, \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c32\u0c38 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c30\u0c46\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c40 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c47\u0c15\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41. \u0c06 \u0c38\u0c2e\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28 \u0c2b\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c47\u0c15\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c24\u0c28 \u0c05\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c1c\u0c48\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41. \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c24\u0c39\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f, \u0c2e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f, \u0c39\u0c47\u0c24\u0c41\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c41\u0c32 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c37\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c47\u0c15\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c0e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c15-\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c15\u0c40\u0c2f \u0c05\u0c02\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c17\u0c4a\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a \u0c39\u0c47\u0c24\u0c41\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c26 \u0c28\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c41\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c18 \u0c38\u0c02\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24 \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d E. V. \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c1a\u0c47 \u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41. \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c21 \u0c39\u0c47\u0c24\u0c41\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c26 \u0c09\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c15\u0c40\u0c32\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c12\u0c15\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c36\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c47\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c20\u0c24\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c17\u0c4c\u0c30\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f &#8216;\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c30\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1c\u0c30\u0c4d&#8217; (\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c35 \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f) \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 &#8216;\u0c2a\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c47\u0c02\u0c27\u0c30\u0c4d&#8217; (\u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35 \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c41) \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c41\u0c26\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c07\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c41\u0c26\u0c41\u0c32\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c43\u0c24\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41. \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c1a\u0c28\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 1991\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c05\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c16\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c0e\u0c02. \u0c15\u0c30\u0c41\u0c23\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c27\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c2c\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c4a\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28\u0c4d\u200c\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c40\u0c38\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41. \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c30\u0c1a\u0c28\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c13\u0c2a\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c46\u0c38\u0c4d \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c30\u0c40 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c46\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c26\u0c41\u0c30\u0c48\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c1a\u0c42\u0c21\u0c35\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c41.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c24\u0c28 73\u0c35 \u0c1c\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c41 21 \u0c0f\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d 1964\u0c28 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c47 \u0c35\u0c30\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c17\u0c4a\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a \u0c30\u0c1a\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c24 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c28\u0c38\u0c3e\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41. \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c28\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c15\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c27\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u200c\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c05\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c2e\u0c40 \u0c05\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c27 \u0c2a\u0c02\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c12\u0c15\u0c1f\u0c3f &#8216;\u0c05\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c48 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c3f, \u0c05\u0c16\u0c02\u0c21\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41&#8217;, &#8216;\u0c05\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c48 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c35\u0c41 \u0c38\u0c46\u0c2f\u0c3f, \u0c06\u0c17\u0c02\u0c21\u0c2e\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41&#8217; \u0c05\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c47 &#8220;\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c1e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f &#8211; \u0c26\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f&#8221;. \u0c08 \u0c17\u0c4a\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c2a \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41, \u0c07\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c1e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c35\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c2f\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c07\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c47\u0c28\u0c47\u0c1c\u0c4d\u200c\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c02.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c35 \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2e\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c36\u0c3e\u0c16\u0c17\u0c3e 1982\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c26\u0c02 \u201c\u0c2e\u0c47\u0c2e\u0c41 \u0c27\u0c48\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c43\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c41\u201d \u0c05\u0c28\u0c47\u0c26\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c3e \u0c2a\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c32 \u201c\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c26\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c02 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3e\u0c02\u201d \u0c28\u0c41\u0c02\u0c21\u0c3f \u0c30\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f. \u0c08 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c3f\u0c15 \u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2a\u0c41 \u0c15\u0c4b\u0c38\u0c02 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c30\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c06\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c30\u0c23\u0c32 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 \u0c27\u0c48\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c15\u0c4a\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c24 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2a\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c43\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c21\u0c02 \u0c26\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c3e \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c05\u0c1f\u0c41\u0c35\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c3f \u0c26\u0c43\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c1c\u0c02 \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0c1a\u0c32\u0c28\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30 \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c30\u0c42\u0c2a\u0c4a\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32 \u0c1c\u0c3e\u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c3e<br>\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c21\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f<br>\u0c38\u0c02\u0c15\u0c47 \u0c2e\u0c41\u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c1c\u0c02\u0c17\u0c41<br>\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c2c\u0c2e\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c46\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c17\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4d<br>\u0c24\u0c47\u0c38 \u0c1c\u0c4d\u0c1e\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02<br>\u0c28\u0c40\u0c32\u0c35\u0c28 \u0c06\u0c21\u0c3e\u0c2f\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41<br>\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c4b\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d<br>\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c1c\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c48 \u0c28\u0c40\u0c32\u0c3e<br>\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c48<br>\u0c2a\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c42\u0c21\u0c02<br>\u0c15\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c23\u0c02 \u0c06\u0c17\u0c24 \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c28\u0c47<br>\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c46\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c02<br>\u0c15\u0c02\u0c21\u0c35\u0c41\u0c21\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c15\u0c21\u0c32\u0c4d<br>\u0c35\u0c23\u0c41\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15\u0c41 \u0c28\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c35\u0c41<br>\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1c\u0c48 \u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c28\u0c02<br>\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3e \u0c2e\u0c1c\u0c48 \u0c28\u0c40\u0c2f\u0c47<br>\u0c05\u0c35\u0c32\u0c41\u0c02 \u0c28\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c26\u0c41\u0c02 \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c1d\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c4d<br>\u0c05\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c17\u0c41\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c32\u0c41<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c02 \u0c2f\u0c4a\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c15 2001 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c2a\u0c48 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d<br>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c40\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c24\u0c28 \u0c05\u0c2e\u0c48\u0c24\u0c3f-\u0c0a\u0c2e\u0c48 (\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c41 \u0c2e\u0c42\u0c17\u0c24\u0c28\u0c02) \u0c28\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f 1946\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2c\u0c02\u0c17\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c41 \u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c41\u0c15 \u0c2c\u0c39\u0c41\u0c2e\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c17\u0c46\u0c32\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c41\u0c15\u0c41\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41.<br>1970\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c02\u0c24\u0c2f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c28\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2e\u0c30\u0c23\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c02\u0c24\u0c30\u0c02 \u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c38\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c3f\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c2f \u0c05\u0c15\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c2e\u0c40 \u0c05\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<br>9 \u0c05\u0c15\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4b\u0c2c\u0c30\u0c4d 2001\u0c28, \u0c1a\u0c46\u0c28\u0c4d\u0c28\u0c48\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2a\u0c4b\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c32\u0c4d \u0c21\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u200c\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c2e\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c15 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c21\u0c41\u0c26\u0c32 \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c38\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<br>\u0c05\u0c24\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2a\u0c46\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d \u0c1a\u0c47\u0c24 &#8220;\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c30\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c3e\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d&#8221; (&#8220;\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c35 \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f&#8221; \u0c05\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c02) \u0c2c\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c41\u0c26\u0c41 \u0c32\u0c2d\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<br>\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c38\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02<br>\u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c28\u0c3e\u0c21\u0c41 \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2d\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c02 \u0c0f\u0c1f\u0c3e \u0c12\u0c15 \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33 \u0c15\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c05\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c4d\u0c21\u0c41\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c05\u0c02\u0c26\u0c1c\u0c47\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c24\u0c41\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<br>\u0c2a\u0c41\u0c26\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c15\u0c47\u0c02\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c24 \u0c2a\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c02\u0c24\u0c02, \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c24\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f \u0c24\u0c2e\u0c3f\u0c33\u0c3e\u0c28\u0c3f\u0c15\u0c3f \u0c06\u0c35\u0c3e\u0c39\u0c28 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c28\u0c41 \u0c2a\u0c41\u0c26\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c4d\u0c1a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c3f \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30 \u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c1f\u0c17\u0c3e \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c40\u0c15\u0c30\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<br>\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c2a\u0c47\u0c30\u0c41\u0c24\u0c4b \u0c30\u0c3e\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c30 \u0c35\u0c3f\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c35\u0c35\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2f\u0c02 \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<br>\u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c26\u0c47\u0c36\u0c02\u0c32\u0c4b\u0c28\u0c3f \u0c05\u0c17\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c36\u0c4d\u0c30\u0c47\u0c23\u0c3f B-\u0c2a\u0c3e\u0c20\u0c36\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c32\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c12\u0c15\u0c1f\u0c48\u0c28 \u0c2d\u0c3e\u0c30\u0c24\u0c3f\u0c26\u0c3e\u0c38\u0c28\u0c4d \u0c07\u0c28\u0c4d\u200c\u0c38\u0c4d\u0c1f\u0c3f\u0c1f\u0c4d\u0c2f\u0c42\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c06\u0c2b\u0c4d \u0c2e\u0c47\u0c28\u0c47\u0c1c\u0c4d\u200c\u0c2e\u0c46\u0c02\u0c1f\u0c4d \u0c24\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c41\u0c1a\u0c3f\u0c30\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f\u0c32\u0c4b \u0c38\u0c4d\u0c25\u0c3e\u0c2a\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c1a\u0c2c\u0c21\u0c3f\u0c02\u0c26\u0c3f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2 marks questions and answers<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Language Families in India and Tamil&#8217;s Significance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What are the major language families in India?<br>\u2022 Answer: Dravidian, Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman, Austroasiatic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why is Tamil considered a Classical Language?<br>\u2022 Answer: Due to its rich literary heritage, ancient origins, and cultural contributions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Which Dravidian languages share common linguistic features with Tamil?<br>\u2022 Answer: Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam.<br>Sangam Literature and Distributive Justice<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Define Sangam Literature. What is its notable characteristic?<br>\u2022 Answer: Sangam Literature refers to ancient Tamil literary works. Its notable characteristic is its secular nature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Sangam Literature portray Distributive Justice?<br>\u2022 Answer: It portrays equitable distribution of resources, benefits, and opportunities among individuals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Give an example from Sangam Literature that showcases Distributive Justice.<br>\u2022 Answer: The concept of &#8220;Uzhavu&#8221; (fair distribution of agricultural land) reflects Distributive Justice.<br>Management Principles in Thirukural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who authored Thirukural, and what is its significance?<br>\u2022 Answer: Thiruvalluvar authored Thirukural. It contains ethical and moral principles with relevance to management.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Thirukural emphasize Leadership?<br>\u2022 Answer: It promotes leadership through example, clear communication, and integrity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide an example from Thirukural that demonstrates the importance of Teamwork.<br>\u2022 Answer: &#8220;Unity among messengers ensures safety; similarly, unity among leaders ensures glory.&#8221;<br>Impact of Buddhism and Jainism on Tamil Epics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did Buddhism and Jainism influence Tamil Epics?<br>\u2022 Answer: They introduced philosophical concepts, values, and themes like compassion, non-violence, and detachment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In which Tamil Epic is the principle of compassion reminiscent of Buddhism depicted?<br>\u2022 Answer: &#8220;Manimekalai&#8221; showcases compassion through the protagonist&#8217;s actions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the Tamil Epic &#8220;Silappathikaram&#8221; incorporate Jain principles?<br>\u2022 Answer: Kannagi&#8217;s non-violence and commitment to justice reflect Jain teachings.<br>Azhwars, Nayanmars, and Bakthi Literature<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who were Azhwars and Nayanmars in Bakthi Literature?<br>\u2022 Answer: Azhwars were devotees of Lord Vishnu, Nayanmars were devotees of Lord Shiva.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did the Azhwars and Nayanmars contribute to Bakthi Literature?<br>\u2022 Answer: They composed devotional hymns and poems, enriching the religious and cultural ethos.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide an example of an Azhwar&#8217;s devotional composition and its significance.<br>\u2022 Answer: Thirumangai Alvar&#8217;s &#8220;Periya Thirumozhi&#8221; exemplifies intense devotion to the divine.<br>Evolution of Modern Tamil Literature<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What factors contributed to the evolution of modern Tamil literature?<br>\u2022 Answer: Societal changes, colonial influences, and literary movements played crucial roles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did Subramania Bharati (Bharathiyar) contribute to modern Tamil literature?<br>\u2022 Answer: His poems advocated for freedom, gender equality, and social justice.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Describe Pudhumaipithan&#8217;s (Bharathidasan) contribution to modern Tamil literature.<br>\u2022 Answer: His works critiqued social inequalities and cultural norms, fostering social change.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Long questions and answers<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Q1: Explain the Language Families in India, focusing on the Dravidian Languages.<br>A1: India is a linguistic melting pot, home to a multitude of languages from various language families. One prominent language family is the Dravidian family, encompassing languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam. These languages share common linguistic features, suggesting a common ancestry. Tamil, in particular, holds a distinguished position within this family due to its rich literary tradition, ancient origins, and distinct linguistic attributes.<br>Tamil&#8217;s classical status is attributed to its extensive body of ancient literature, its historical influence, and its contributions to the development of art, culture, and philosophy. Its classical heritage is recognized for its refinement, complexity, and literary excellence. The Tamil script, which has a unique and ancient lineage, further sets it apart from other Indian languages.<br>Q2: Explore the concept of Sangam Literature, emphasizing its secular nature and its portrayal of Distributive Justice.<br>A2: Sangam Literature refers to the collection of ancient Tamil literary works produced during the Sangam period, a time of flourishing intellectual and artistic activity in Tamil Nadu. One of the remarkable features of Sangam Literature is its secular nature, encompassing a wide range of subjects that reflect the diversity of life during that era. The literature delves into themes such as love, war, governance, agriculture, and even gastronomy, providing insights into the daily lives and aspirations of people.<br>Distributive Justice, a concept crucial in any society, is vividly depicted in Sangam Literature. The poems often reflect a concern for equitable distribution of resources, rights, and responsibilities among individuals. For instance, the concept of &#8220;Uzhavu&#8221; (fair division of agricultural land) is evident in Sangam poems, showcasing the society&#8217;s recognition of the importance of fair allocation of land to ensure the prosperity of all members.<br>Q3: Analyze the incorporation of Management Principles within Thirukural. A3: Thirukural, composed by Thiruvalluvar, is a monumental work that encapsulates ethical and moral wisdom. Embedded within its verses are principles that resonate with modern management practices. The text&#8217;s insights into human behavior, leadership, and ethics offer valuable lessons for today&#8217;s world.<br>Consider the virtue of &#8220;Leadership.&#8221; Thirukural extols the qualities of an effective leader who leads by example, communicates clearly, and maintains integrity. The couplet &#8220;\u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd&#8221; (Leadership without listening, and authority without guidance) highlights the importance of a leader&#8217;s receptivity and willingness to seek advice.<br>Furthermore, Thirukural&#8217;s emphasis on &#8220;Teamwork&#8221; is evident in verses that encourage collaboration, mutual respect, and the pooling of diverse strengths. &#8220;\u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc2\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8 \u0b86\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b83\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb4\u0bcd&#8221; (Unity among messengers ensures safety; similarly, unity among leaders ensures glory) underscores the significance of cohesive teamwork.<br>Q4: Examine the Impact of Buddhism and Jainism on Tamil Epics, society.<br>A4: The impact of Buddhism and Jainism on Tamil Epics is profound and multifaceted, leaving an indelible mark on the cultural and moral landscape of Tamil society. The philosophical tenets of these religions influenced the themes, values, and characters within Tamil Epics.<br>One example of this influence can be seen in the Tamil Epic &#8220;Manimekalai.&#8221; The narrative promotes compassion, non-violence, and detachment, reflecting the principles of Buddhism and Jainism. The protagonist, Manimekalai, embodies the virtue of compassion by selflessly helping those in need, resonating with the Buddhist concept of loving-kindness.<br>Similarly, the Tamil Epic &#8220;Silappathikaram&#8221; showcases the Jain concept of non-violence through the character of Kannagi. Her unwavering commitment to justice and her refusal to harm even her oppressors exemplify the Jain principle of ahimsa (non-violence).<br>These philosophical underpinnings from Buddhism and Jainism contributed to the cultivation of a moral society that valued empathy, ethical conduct, and inner transformation.<br>Q5: Discuss the pivotal role of Azhwars and Nayanmars in shaping Bakthi Literature.<br>A5: Azhwars and Nayanmars played a transformative role in the evolution of Bakthi Literature, a genre centered around devotional expression and religious fervor. Their compositions not only enriched the religious tapestry of Tamil Nadu but also fostered a sense of unity, inclusivity, and shared devotion.<br>The Azhwars, in their hymns, expressed profound devotion to Lord Vishnu, highlighting the path of loving surrender. Their contributions, collectively known as &#8220;Divya Prabandham,&#8221; became integral to the Bhakti movement in South India. For instance, the Azhwar Thirumangai Alvar&#8217;s &#8220;Periya Thirumozhi&#8221; reverberates with fervent love for the divine, exemplifying the soul&#8217;s yearning for union with the Supreme.<br>Conversely, the Nayanmars&#8217; devotional outpourings celebrated Lord Shiva and embodied the essence of Bakthi. Thirunavukkarasar, a revered Nayanmar, composed the &#8220;Thevaram&#8221; hymns that vividly described the divine attributes of Shiva. His composition &#8220;Thiruneerupathu&#8221; articulates the transformative power of Shiva&#8217;s grace, symbolizing the Nayanmars&#8217; deep spiritual experiences.<br>Collectively, the Azhwars and Nayanmars enriched Tamil Nadu&#8217;s cultural fabric by promoting devotion as a means of spiritual realization, transcending social barriers and fostering a deep sense of communal identity.<br>Q6: Highlight the contributions of Subramania Bharati (Bharathiyar) and Pudhumaipithan (Bharathidasan).<br>A6: The evolution of modern Tamil literature is a dynamic journey shaped by a confluence of factors, including societal shifts, colonial encounters, and literary revolutions. During the colonial era, Western education and ideas exposed Tamil society to new horizons, triggering a renaissance in literature.<br>Subramania Bharati (Bharathiyar), a prolific poet and visionary, played a pivotal role in this transformation. His poems ignited the flames of patriotism and social awakening, advocating for freedom, gender equality, and social justice. His iconic poem &#8220;\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4 \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95&#8221; (Long Live Bharath) encapsulates his fervent nationalism and yearning for a progressive India.<br>Pudhumaipithan (Bharathidasan) continued this tradition of social consciousness through his prose and poetry. His works critiqued social inequalities, oppressive practices, and cultural norms. His poem &#8220;\u0baa\u0bc2\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0 \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8&#8221; (The Cuckoo of a Flower) exemplifies his exploration of love, freedom, and individuality.<br>These literary giants, along with others, catalyzed a literary revolution that transcended the written word, spurring social change and laying the foundation for modern Tamil literature as an instrument of transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/unit-1-2-QA-1.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of unit 1 2 QA (1).\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-d6acd3e3-62fa-4238-acb8-770225381ff5\" href=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/unit-1-2-QA-1.pdf\">unit 1 2 QA (1)<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/unit-1-2-QA-1.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-d6acd3e3-62fa-4238-acb8-770225381ff5\">Download<br><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/1-QA-Tamil-JV.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of 1 QA Tamil - JV.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-1b97df38-cd02-4908-9574-785ff3014f67\" href=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/1-QA-Tamil-JV.pdf\">1 QA Tamil &#8211; JV<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/1-QA-Tamil-JV.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-1b97df38-cd02-4908-9574-785ff3014f67\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This channel explains some of the important thirukkural. it will give some overall idea about what is thirukkural and its importance in human life. 20 thirukkural available in this youtube channel. you can see and understand This is story of silappathikaram one of the two famous epic in Tamil. In this youtube channel all the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":187055548,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[711788709],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-43556","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tamil-marabu-2023"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>UNIT - I - LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (TAMIL MARABU \u2013 2023) - YANAMTAKSHASHILA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"UNIT - I - LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (TAMIL MARABU \u2013 2023) - YANAMTAKSHASHILA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This channel explains some of the important thirukkural. it will give some overall idea about what is thirukkural and its importance in human life. 20 thirukkural available in this youtube channel. you can see and understand This is story of silappathikaram one of the two famous epic in Tamil. In this youtube channel all the [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"YANAMTAKSHASHILA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/profile.php?id=100063680185552\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/profile.php?id=100063680185552\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-09-10T05:40:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-17T05:16:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/yanamtakshashila.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"rajuviswa\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"rajuviswa\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/?p=43556#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/?p=43556\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"rajuviswa\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a990a0af264ac2298c19fa61d2bda16e\"},\"headline\":\"UNIT &#8211; I &#8211; LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (TAMIL MARABU \u2013 2023)\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-09-10T05:40:45+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-17T05:16:44+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/?p=43556\"},\"wordCount\":2202,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a990a0af264ac2298c19fa61d2bda16e\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Tamil Marabu (2023)\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/?p=43556#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/?p=43556\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/?p=43556\",\"name\":\"UNIT - I - LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (TAMIL MARABU \u2013 2023) - YANAMTAKSHASHILA\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-09-10T05:40:45+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-17T05:16:44+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/?p=43556#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/?p=43556\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/?p=43556#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"UNIT &#8211; I &#8211; LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (TAMIL MARABU \u2013 2023)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"yanamtakshashila.com\",\"description\":\"one stop solutions\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a990a0af264ac2298c19fa61d2bda16e\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a990a0af264ac2298c19fa61d2bda16e\",\"name\":\"rajuviswa\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/LOGO-PNG.png?fit=3600%2C3600&ssl=1\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/LOGO-PNG.png?fit=3600%2C3600&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/LOGO-PNG.png?fit=3600%2C3600&ssl=1\",\"width\":3600,\"height\":3600,\"caption\":\"rajuviswa\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/LOGO-PNG.png?fit=3600%2C3600&ssl=1\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.wordpress.com\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/profile.php?id=100063680185552\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/rajuviswa\\\/?hl=en\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/channel\\\/UCjJ2KWWvsFm6F42UtMdbxzw\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/yanamtakshashila.com\\\/?author=187055548\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"UNIT - I - LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (TAMIL MARABU \u2013 2023) - YANAMTAKSHASHILA","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"UNIT - I - LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (TAMIL MARABU \u2013 2023) - YANAMTAKSHASHILA","og_description":"This channel explains some of the important thirukkural. it will give some overall idea about what is thirukkural and its importance in human life. 20 thirukkural available in this youtube channel. you can see and understand This is story of silappathikaram one of the two famous epic in Tamil. In this youtube channel all the [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556","og_site_name":"YANAMTAKSHASHILA","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/profile.php?id=100063680185552","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/profile.php?id=100063680185552","article_published_time":"2023-09-10T05:40:45+00:00","article_modified_time":"2024-11-17T05:16:44+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":675,"url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/yanamtakshashila.png?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"rajuviswa","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"rajuviswa","Est. reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556"},"author":{"name":"rajuviswa","@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/#\/schema\/person\/a990a0af264ac2298c19fa61d2bda16e"},"headline":"UNIT &#8211; I &#8211; LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (TAMIL MARABU \u2013 2023)","datePublished":"2023-09-10T05:40:45+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-17T05:16:44+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556"},"wordCount":2202,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/#\/schema\/person\/a990a0af264ac2298c19fa61d2bda16e"},"articleSection":["Tamil Marabu (2023)"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556","url":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556","name":"UNIT - I - LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (TAMIL MARABU \u2013 2023) - YANAMTAKSHASHILA","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-09-10T05:40:45+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-17T05:16:44+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?p=43556#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"UNIT &#8211; I &#8211; LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (TAMIL MARABU \u2013 2023)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/","name":"yanamtakshashila.com","description":"one stop solutions","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/#\/schema\/person\/a990a0af264ac2298c19fa61d2bda16e"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/#\/schema\/person\/a990a0af264ac2298c19fa61d2bda16e","name":"rajuviswa","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/LOGO-PNG.png?fit=3600%2C3600&ssl=1","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/LOGO-PNG.png?fit=3600%2C3600&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/LOGO-PNG.png?fit=3600%2C3600&ssl=1","width":3600,"height":3600,"caption":"rajuviswa"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/yanamtakshashila.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/LOGO-PNG.png?fit=3600%2C3600&ssl=1"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/yanamtakshashila.wordpress.com","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/profile.php?id=100063680185552","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/rajuviswa\/?hl=en","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCjJ2KWWvsFm6F42UtMdbxzw"],"url":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/?author=187055548"}]}},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc3kmt-bkw","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43556","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/187055548"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=43556"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43556\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52315,"href":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/43556\/revisions\/52315"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=43556"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=43556"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanamtakshashila.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=43556"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}